English to Persian (Farsi) Tech/Engineering Construction / Civil Engineering

Now common in major cities, privately owned public spaces take many forms, from corporate courtyards to pocket parks to festival marketplaces. These differ from traditional city streets, sidewalks, or parks that are publicly owned and operated and are accessible to the entire population (Franck and Paxson, 1989). Instead, privately owned public spaces are open to the public during certain hours, but owners have the a priori right to refuse entry to certain users at certain times (Ne¨meth, 2009).We examine one of the most common forms of privately owned public space in downtowns in the US and the global West: the corporate-controlled plaza, park, or atrium provided in exchange for a zoning incentive, normally a floor area ratio (FAR) bonus or the right to exceed maximum building height or bulk envelopes.